@article{Grau_2015, title={Variations on Giuga Numbers and Giuga’s Congruence}, volume={67}, url={https://umj.imath.kiev.ua/index.php/umj/article/view/2091}, abstractNote={A $k$ -strong Giuga number is a composite integer such that $∑_{j = 1}^{n − 1} j^{n − 1} ≡  − 1 (mod n)$. We consider the congruence $∑_{j = 1}^{n − 1} j^{k(n − 1)} ≡  − 1 (mod n)$ for each $k ϵ ℕ$ (thus extending Giuga’s ideas for $k = 1$). In particular, it is proved that a pair $(n, k)$ with composite n satisfies this congruence if and only if $n$ is a Giuga number and $⋋(n) | k(n − 1)$. In passing, we establish some new characterizations of Giuga numbers and study some properties of the numbers n satisfying $⋋(n) | k(n − 1)$.}, number={11}, journal={Ukrains’kyi Matematychnyi Zhurnal}, author={Grau, José María}, year={2015}, month={Nov.}, pages={1573-1578} }